@jko there is really no good answer, because the truth is any system man can design, he can twist to his own ends. The only fool proof system is to have people who value the right thing and act accordingly.
Arbitration sounds great- a neutral arbiter or panel that’s supposed to decide fairly. In practice the outcome is decided based on what arbiter is picked. Most arbiters support the employer because that’s who pays most of their fees and they want to keep making a living.
Honestly, you have to work at a company with a leader you respect, who leads by example and shows that candor is valued, competence is rewarded, and pettiness is not welcome. Those exist, but they are rare, especially in large organizations. At some point an organization takes on a life of its own and becomes about perpetuating itself.
I am a transactional person. I view this job as a transaction. I provide knowledge and expertise to the company, I get pay and benefits in return.
The deck is stacked in favor of the company- it has a lot more power than me when it comes to the work I do, the environment I work in, and the compensation. Most times. But the company has no power to stop me from leaving. I am good at what I do. I feel comfortable in my position and I think a layoff for me is unlikely. But I have a plan B and C- interviews with two other employers.
My heart goes out to people who don’t have options and can’t easily create them. But honestly, disputing anything is a deck chairs on the Titanic proposition. If you have an issue with your boss, being vindicated by HR or anyone else is not going to solve the culture problem that got your boss where they are. If the organization’s leader is committed to change then there will be change.